The concept of food security has evolved over time to incorporate different aspects, making it multidimensional. deriving from Malthusian ideas about the imbalance between population growth and available resources, food security has become a global issue. Initially focused on production, the concept now encompasses access, use, and stability. Amartya Sen’s work has demonstrated that hunger primarily results from a lack of access. recently, approaches based on food sovereignty, food justice, and agroecology have proposed sustainable, equitable models.

Climate security examines the links between climate change and its effects on peace and security. While climate change does not directly cause conflict, there is consensus that it exacerbates vulnerabilities in conflict-affected areas, and that violent conflict further intensifies climate impacts. However, the securitization of climate change raises questions about whose security is prioritized, reflecting differing global priorities between development and security strategies. The Virunga National Park in the DRC serves as a case study to explore how climate security is operationalized, contested, and can be reframed towards fostering equitable and sus-ainable peace in fragile contexts.